EDUCTUM: Journal Research

Taxonomy of educational objectives

2025-12-28T19:25:25+07:00

The taxonomy of educational objectives is a conceptual framework used to systematically classify learning objectives based on the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains. This taxonomy plays a crucial role in helping educators design learning objectives, learning strategies, and evaluate learning outcomes in a targeted and measurable manner. This article aims to examine the concept of the taxonomy of educational objectives, its historical development, and its relevance in contemporary educational practice. The research method used is a literature study by reviewing various sources in the form of books, journal articles, and relevant educational policy documents. The results of the study indicate that the taxonomy of educational objectives, particularly Bloom's Taxonomy and its revisions, remains the primary reference in learning planning because it provides clarity in the formulation of competency-based objectives and learning outcomes. Furthermore, the application of the taxonomy of educational objectives can improve the quality of the learning process by aligning objectives, materials, methods, and evaluations. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the taxonomy of educational objectives is essential for educators in improving the effectiveness and quality of education.

The role of trust in mediating the influence of influencer marketing and online customer reviews on hmns perfume purchase decisions

2025-11-20T09:24:38+07:00

The development of digital marketing has led to the increasing use of influencer marketing and online customer reviews as strategies to influence consumer purchasing decisions, particularly for sensory experience-based products such as perfume. This study aims to analyze the influence of influencer marketing and online customer reviews on purchasing decisions, with trust as a mediating variable among HMNS perfume consumers on the Shopee platform. The research approach used a quantitative method by distributing questionnaires to 140 Gen Y and Gen Z consumer respondents in Bali who had purchased HMNS perfume through Shopee. The data analysis technique used Partial Least Square (PLS). The results showed that influencer marketing and online customer reviews had a positive and significant effect on trust. In addition, trust had a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions. These findings also indicate that trust can significantly mediate the influence of influencer marketing and online customer reviews on purchasing decisions. These results confirm that increasing consumer trust is key to strengthening the effectiveness of digital marketing strategies in driving perfume product purchasing decisions. The practical implications of this study emphasize the importance of selecting credible influencers and managing customer reviews to build consumer trust and increase sales.

Integration of score systems, processing techniques, and value interpretation in learning evaluation

2025-12-28T19:31:13+07:00

This study aims to analyze the integration of scoring systems, grade processing techniques, and interpretation of learning outcomes in elementary school learning evaluations. The methodology used is a literature study with a qualitative descriptive approach through a review of various scientific journals, educational evaluation books, and assessment instruments relevant to the latest curriculum. The results show that standardized scoring has a significant effect on increasing assessment objectivity. Furthermore, systematic grade processing techniques have been shown to improve the accuracy and consistency of learning evaluation results. Accurate grade interpretation helps teachers understand student learning development more comprehensively, allowing for more precise learning decisions that are oriented towards student needs. The conclusion of this study confirms that the integration of scoring, grade processing, and interpretation of learning outcomes needs to be implemented in a single, integrated assessment system to make learning evaluations more valid, reliable, and informative.

Three domains in bloom's taxonomy

2025-12-28T19:30:26+07:00

Bloom's Taxonomy classifies educational objectives into three main domains: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. The cognitive domain relates to students' intellectual abilities and thought processes, from mastery of basic knowledge to complex evaluation skills. This domain directs educators to emphasize not only memorization but also encourage in-depth understanding and the development of critical and creative thinking skills. The affective domain encompasses the feelings, attitudes, emotions, and values ??that develop within an individual. This domain plays a crucial role in creating learning that is not only cognitively effective but also contributes to the formation of students' character, attitudes, and morals. Meanwhile, the psychomotor domain focuses on physical and manipulative skills involving muscle coordination and motor skills. This domain encompasses various levels of ability, from perception, readiness, reaction, mechanisms, complex skills, adaptation, to creativity. These three domains complement each other in the learning process to develop students' competencies in a holistic and balanced manner. By understanding and integrating the three domains of Bloom's Taxonomy into learning planning and implementation, educators can create a more meaningful, comprehensive learning experience oriented toward developing students' full potential.

The influence of virtual try-on and online customer reviews on purchasing decisions for Azarine cosmetics on Shopee with consumer trust as a mediating variable

2025-12-09T12:45:02+07:00

This study aims to examine the influence of digital features, namely Virtual Try-On and Online Customer Review (OCR), on consumer trust and purchasing decisions for cosmetic products on the Shopee e-commerce platform. Using a quantitative approach with survey methods and statistical analysis, this study shows that Virtual Try-On significantly increases consumer trust, while its direct effect on purchasing decisions is not yet proven significant. OCR shows a very significant effect on trust, and trust positively mediates the effect of OCR on purchasing decisions. These results confirm that trust plays a crucial role in the consumer decision-making process, especially in the context of online shopping. These findings align with the Stimulus–Organism–Response (S-O-R) and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) theoretical frameworks, which emphasize that digital experiences shape consumers' perceptions of trust and attitudes before ultimately deciding to purchase. Although the direct effect of both digital features is not yet statistically strong enough, their presence and role in building trust remain significant in driving purchasing decisions. The results provide an important contribution to the development of technology-based digital marketing strategies and emphasize the importance of increasing consumer trust through interactive features and customer reviews in enhancing the effectiveness of online promotions.

The Role of Standardized Tests and Non-Standardized Tests in Learning Assessment and Evaluation

2025-12-28T19:26:41+07:00

Learning evaluation is an integral part of the educational process, serving to systematically and continuously assess student competency achievement. One of the main instruments in learning evaluation is testing, both standardized and non-standardized tests, each of which has different characteristics, functions, and objectives. This study aims to examine the role of standardized and non-standardized tests in the assessment and evaluation of learning and their relevance in educational practice. The research method used is a literature study by analyzing various literature sources such as books, scientific journals, and policy documents related to learning evaluation. The results of the study indicate that standardized tests have a high level of validity and reliability, making them suitable for measuring learning outcomes broadly and objectively, while non-standardized tests are more flexible and contextual because they are tailored to classroom learning needs. Both types of tests complement each other in providing a complete picture of student learning outcomes and processes. Therefore, educators need to understand and utilize standardized and non-standardized tests proportionally so that learning assessment and evaluation can be carried out effectively, fairly, and meaningfully.

Evaluation scores processing and interpretation techniques

2025-12-28T19:24:31+07:00

The processing and interpretation of evaluation scores is a crucial step in learning assessment because it determines the validity of information regarding student learning outcomes. Technological developments have driven significant changes in evaluation data processing techniques, from manual approaches to the use of digital technology. This article aims to examine manual and digital evaluation score processing techniques and to analyze the process of interpreting evaluation results systematically and meaningfully. The method used is a literature study with a qualitative descriptive approach through a review of various textbooks, journal articles, and scientific documents relevant to educational evaluation and the use of assessment technology. The results of the study indicate that digital-based evaluation data processing has advantages in terms of efficiency, accuracy, and ease of analysis compared to manual techniques, although the manual approach is still relevant under certain conditions. Appropriate analysis and interpretation of evaluation results can help educators understand the level of learning achievement, identify remedial or enrichment needs, and support objective learning decision-making. Thus, mastery of evaluation score processing and interpretation techniques is an important competency for educators in improving the quality of assessment and the learning process.

The development of the concept of macro-micro nutrients and its implications for early childhood: a literature review

2025-12-21T10:07:48+07:00

The development of nutritional science shows a paradigm shift from quantitative nutritional fulfillment to a more comprehensive approach oriented towards the quality of early childhood growth and development. This study aims to examine the development of the concept of macro and micronutrients and analyze their implications for the growth and development of early childhood. This study used a qualitative approach with a systematic literature review method. Data sources were obtained from academic books and articles from accredited national and reputable international journals published between 2020 and 2024. The data were analyzed using content analysis and thematic analysis to identify key concepts, patterns of findings, and the relationship between nutritional fulfillment and child development. The results of the study indicate that the concept of macronutrients has evolved from merely a source of energy to become an important component in brain development, the immune system, and metabolic regulation, while micronutrients play a strategic role in immune function, neurodevelopment, and the prevention of developmental disorders. A balanced provision of macro and micronutrients has been shown to have positive implications for physical growth, cognitive development, language, socio-emotional development, and the long-term health of early childhood. This study emphasizes the importance of an integrative and holistic approach to nutrition as a basis for planning sustainable early childhood nutrition interventions.

Techniques for creating quality questions

2026-01-03T10:06:48+07:00

This study aims to examine the technique of creating high-quality questions as an important component in learning evaluation. Well-structured and systematic questions play a role in objectively measuring student competency achievement and reflecting the true level of understanding. The research method used in this study is a literature study by reviewing various relevant sources, such as books, scientific journals, and educational policy documents. The study was conducted by analyzing the concepts, principles, and procedures for creating questions that are in accordance with learning objectives and student characteristics. The results of the study indicate that creating high-quality questions must consider several key aspects, including the suitability of indicators to learning objectives, language clarity, student cognitive levels, and the principles of validity, reliability, objectivity, and practicality. In addition, the selection of question types, such as written tests, performance tests, and non-test instruments, needs to be tailored to the competencies to be measured. By applying appropriate question-building techniques, the learning evaluation process can be more effective and accurate. High-quality questions not only help teachers assess student learning outcomes but also serve as a basis for making improvements and developing the learning process towards a better direction.

Early detection and optimization of early childhood growth and development

2025-12-21T10:08:16+07:00

Early childhood development is the main foundation for the quality of human resources in the future, therefore it requires serious attention through early detection and efforts to optimize sustainable growth and development. This article aims to examine the concept of early detection of early childhood growth and development and analyze its role in optimizing child development based on the findings of the latest research. This research uses a qualitative approach with a systematic literature review method. Data sources were obtained from academic books, articles from national journals accredited by SINTA 1–3, and reputable international journals published between 2020–2024. Data analysis was conducted through content analysis and thematic analysis to identify key concepts, patterns of findings, and the relationship between early detection and optimization of early childhood growth and development. The results of the study indicate that early detection is a systematic process that encompasses aspects of physical growth, cognitive development, language, socio-emotional, and child behavior. Early detection followed by appropriate stimulation and intervention has been shown to have positive implications for optimizing child growth and development holistically. This study confirms that early detection functions not only as a screening tool, but also as a strategic foundation in planning integrated, collaborative, and sustainable early childhood development stimulation.

Taxonomy of educational objectives and evaluation of learning outcomes

2026-01-03T10:08:18+07:00

The taxonomy of educational objectives plays a strategic role in formulating learning directions and serves as a basis for evaluating learning outcomes. The division of educational objectives into cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains requires alignment between learning planning, the implementation of the learning process, and the evaluation techniques used. This study aims to analyze the concept of the taxonomy of educational objectives and its relevance to evaluating learning outcomes in the learning context. This study uses a qualitative approach with a literature study method. Data were obtained through a review of various literature sources in the form of educational textbooks, scientific journal articles, and relevant educational policy documents. Data analysis techniques were carried out through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and descriptive-analytical conclusion drawing. The results show that the taxonomy of educational objectives serves as a conceptual framework that guides educators in formulating learning objectives and determining appropriate evaluation instruments. Evaluation of learning outcomes based on the taxonomy of educational objectives is able to measure learning outcomes comprehensively, not only in cognitive aspects, but also in aspects of attitudes and skills.

The influence of social media marketing and official websites on the decision to use offline travel agents through service quality at the Ray Fish Fast Cruises company

2025-12-09T12:45:55+07:00

Advances in digital technology have revolutionized communication patterns and relationships between companies and their consumers, including in the tourism industry. Social media and official websites are now used by companies such as Ray Fish Fast Cruises to provide service information, promote products, and attract consumer interest. This study was conducted to analyze the influence of Social Media Marketing and Official Websites on Offline Travel Agent Usage Decisions through Service Quality. The results indicate that Social Media Marketing does not have a significant influence on Service Quality (p-value 0.775), while Official Websites have a positive and significant influence on Service Quality (p-value 0.000). Service Quality has a positive and significant impact on Usage Decisions (p-value 0.000). Social Media Marketing has a significant positive influence on Usage Decisions (p-value 0.000), while Official Websites have no significant influence on Usage Decisions (p-value 0.996).

Analysis of the level of difficulty of questions in assessment tests based on literature review

2026-01-03T10:09:58+07:00

Analyzing each exam question is a fundamental step in ensuring the quality of assessment instruments used in the instructional process. One crucial parameter in evaluation is the analysis of the level of question difficulty, as this is directly proportional to the accuracy of measuring student learning outcomes. This study aims to provide a comprehensive explanation of the concept of level of difficulty, the procedure for creating quality questions, and the urgency of item evaluation in creating balanced and fair assessments. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with a literature study method (library research). Data were obtained from secondary sources including textbooks, journal articles, and various relevant scientific documents, which were then analyzed using content analysis techniques. The results of the study indicate that ideal questions must meet the balance between the level of difficulty (P) and discriminating power (D). Quality questions are not extreme; questions that are too easy will reduce test reliability, while questions that are too difficult can trigger anxiety and despair in students. The conclusion of this study confirms that teachers' understanding of descriptive item statistics—including the effectiveness of distractors—is an absolute requirement for improving educator professionalism in building quality question banks and supporting the objective achievement of learning objectives.

Revitalization of Pancasila values in building national character in the era of globalization

2025-11-21T10:03:11+07:00

Pancasila, as the foundation of the state and the Indonesian nation's way of life, plays a fundamental role in shaping the nation's identity and character. However, in the era of globalization marked by technological advances, the increasingly rapid flow of information, and the strong influence of foreign cultures, the values ??of Pancasila face serious challenges in their implementation in daily life. This study aims to analyze the urgency of revitalizing Pancasila values ??in building a national character with integrity, nationalism, and personality. The method used in this study is a literature study by examining various relevant literature sources, including books, scientific journals, and government policy documents. The results of the study indicate that revitalizing Pancasila values ??needs to be carried out through character education in schools, exemplary leadership, and strengthening national culture in community life. The application of the values ??of Divinity, Humanity, Unity, Democracy, and Justice is an important foundation in facing the influence of globalization so that the Indonesian nation does not lose its moral direction and national identity. Thus, Pancasila needs to be continuously internalized contextually in every aspect of national and state life in order to realize a civilized, just, and strong-character society.

Representation of 13th century Javanese local wisdom education in the webcomic series “dedes” by Esti Siwi

2025-12-13T17:10:42+07:00

This study aims to reveal the local wisdom education of the 13th-century Javanese society visualized in the images and texts of the webcomic “Dedes” by Esti Siwi in the Webtoon digital comic publication. This research is a qualitative type with content analysis through documentation of works and literature studies. The research method applies Peirce's semiotics. Data are analyzed based on Miles & Huberman's interactive data analysis through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. This study produces a representation of the local wisdom education of the 13th-century Javanese society conveyed through artifacts, sociofacts, and mentifaks in the webcomic “Dedes”, namely (1) local visual skills of Candi Kidal which influence indigenous elements, (2) local knowledge about the virtue of living a life of devotion to parents, (3) local values ??in the form of attitudes towards the requirements of caste rules, and (4) local decision mechanisms of king figures who hold community life. This study produces recommendations for Webtoon comic artists to present the local wisdom of each region as an effort to inherit local wisdom education through the utilization of digital technology developments.

The business model canvas approach in evaluating the business strategy of the urban traffic fashion store in Medan

2025-12-21T10:08:56+07:00

This study aims to analyze and design a business model for the Urban Traffic Fashion Store in Medan, which faces intense competition and does not yet have a written, conceptualized business model. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method with a Business Model Canvas (BMC) approach and SWOT analysis. Data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews with the owner, employees, distributors, and customers. The results show that Urban Traffic's current business model still operates based on instinct and focuses strongly on physical stores. The main strength of this business lies in its value proposition of curating up-to-date products at affordable prices and personal styling services. However, significant weaknesses were identified, namely manual stock management, a heavy reliance on Instagram channels, and a revenue stream that only comes from physical sales. Therefore, this study resulted in the design of a new hybrid and integrated business model, with the main proposals being the digitization of stock management, diversification of sales channels to e-commerce and TikTok Shop, and the addition of new revenue streams from digital sales and partnerships with content creators.

The use of social media in the communication patterns of IPB University vocational school students

2025-12-13T17:07:55+07:00

Social media plays a crucial role in shaping students' increasingly rapid, flexible, and digital communication patterns. This study aims to analyze the intensity of social media use, identify the communication patterns that are formed, and examine the influence of social media use on the communication patterns of students in the Agribusiness Management Study Program, IPB Vocational School. This study used a quantitative method with a Likert scale survey technique on 91 respondents. Data were analyzed through validity, reliability, normality, linearity, and simple linear regression analysis. The results showed that the majority of students used social media with a high level of intensity, with WhatsApp, Instagram, and TikTok as the most dominant platforms used. The regression test results showed an R value of 0.565 and an R Square of 0.319, indicating that social media use had a significant effect of 31.9% on students' communication patterns. These findings confirm that social media significantly contributes to shaping the communication patterns of agribusiness students, although other factors such as direct interpersonal communication and organizational experience also influence students' overall communication patterns.