Indonesian Journal Education

Teachers’ strategies in teaching English vocabulary through games in elementary school

Tiarnita Maria Sarjani Siregar — 2026-04-01

This study aims to examine teachers' strategies in teaching English vocabulary through games in elementary schools. Vocabulary is an important foundation in language learning, and the use of games is considered capable of making the learning process more interesting and meaningful for students. This study employs a literature review method to analyze various findings related to the application of games in vocabulary learning. The results of the study show that teachers use various games such as flashcards, word-matching games, bingo, guessing games, and role play, which are systematically integrated into the learning process. The use of games helps students understand the meaning of words, improve memory, and use vocabulary in simple communication. In addition, games also increase students' motivation, participation, and confidence. Overall, game-based vocabulary learning is effective in elementary schools if it is well designed and properly managed by teachers.

Legal status of zombie companies in Indonesia

Nurhilmiyah Nurhilmiyah — 2026-04-08

Zombie companies—persistently unprofitable firms sustained by cheap credit or government support—pose a significant challenge to Indonesia’s post-COVID-19 economic recovery. This study analyzes their legal status within Indonesian law, particularly in relation to the going concern principle, bankruptcy provisions, and state intervention policies. Using a normative-empirical approach, the research examines key regulations, including Law No. 40/2007 on Limited Liability Companies, Law No. 37/2004 on Bankruptcy as amended by Law No. 4/2023, and OJK regulations on credit restructuring. Findings reveal regulatory gaps that enable the persistence of zombie firms, leading to moral hazard, inefficient capital allocation, and rising non-performing loans (NPLs). Comparative insights from China highlight the importance of stricter enforcement and structured firm exit mechanisms. This study recommends establishing objective zombie thresholds, strengthening OJK oversight, and reforming legal frameworks to enhance market discipline and support sustainable economic growth in emerging economies.

Marriage agreement in a positive legal perspective on inheritance division

Rizka Syafriana — 2026-04-08

This study examines the legal position and implications of marriage agreements in the division of inheritance within the Indonesian legal system. A marriage agreement, as regulated in the Civil Code and Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage, provides autonomy for spouses to arrange the separation of property based on the principle of freedom of contract, while still adhering to legal requirements and public order. Using a normative juridical approach, this research analyzes relevant laws, legal doctrines, and scholarly literature to understand the impact of such agreements. The findings reveal that marriage agreements have both internal implications between spouses and external implications involving third parties, particularly in matters of debt liability and inheritance distribution. Despite offering legal certainty, the application of marriage agreements remains limited by juridical constraints to ensure fairness and balance. The study highlights the need for regulatory reform to better accommodate evolving social dynamics and recognize both monetary and non-monetary contributions in household life, thereby promoting substantive justice in inheritance division.

The role of visual aids and multimedia in primary english education: a literature review

Nabila Syahara — 2026-04-21

Teaching English at the primary school level is a foundational stage in developing pupils' language competence. However, students often struggle with vocabulary acquisition when taught through traditional, verbal-heavy methods. This study employs a qualitative literature review method to explore the role of visual aids and multimedia in enhancing English instruction. The analysis reveals that visual media, such as flashcards, posters, and realia, provide essential cognitive support by linking linguistic forms to concrete meanings. Furthermore, the integration of digital multimedia—including videos and interactive applications—significantly boosts student motivation, engagement, and oral communication skills. While digital tools offer authentic language exposure, their effectiveness depends on thoughtful instructional design, teacher competency, and adequate school infrastructure. The study concludes that a strategic combination of traditional visual aids and modern multimedia creates a more interactive and meaningful learning environment conducive to long-term vocabulary retention and 21st-century skill development.

The effect of autism risk level based on m-chat on children's emotional responses measured by cars at the pembina state special needs school in Medan

Annisa Amalia — 2026-05-01

This study aims to identify the level of autism risk in children using the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT), measure emotional responses using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), and analyze the relationship between these variables. The research employed a descriptive quantitative approach with a case study design conducted at SLB-E Negeri Pembina Medan on March 9, 2026. The sample consisted of two children diagnosed with autism, selected purposively based on specific criteria and parental consent. Data were collected through observation, interviews with teachers, and M-CHAT questionnaires completed by parents, then analyzed descriptively by comparing M-CHAT and CARS scores. The findings indicate that children with moderate autism risk exhibit moderate emotional disturbances, while those with high autism risk show severe emotional disturbances. These results reveal a consistent trend that higher autism risk levels are associated with increased severity of emotional response disorders. This study highlights the importance of early autism risk detection as a foundation for developing targeted interventions, particularly in enhancing emotional abilities. The findings are expected to serve as a reference for educators, parents, and healthcare professionals in designing appropriate support strategies for children with autism

An analysis on the use of cohesive devices in improving students' ability in writing recount text at the ninth grade of SMP Negeri 1 Siantar

Tiodor Sihotang — 2026-05-05

This study aims to analyze the use of cohesive devices in improving students’ ability to write recount texts at the ninth grade of SMP Negeri 1 Siantar. A qualitative research design was employed, with data collected from 30 students’ written texts based on their personal experiences. The analysis was guided by Halliday and Hasan’s cohesion framework, which includes grammatical cohesion (reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction) and lexical cohesion. The findings revealed a total of 1,025 cohesive devices, with reference (38.82%) and conjunction (34.14%) as the most dominant types, followed by lexical cohesion (26.04%). In contrast, substitution (0.68%) and ellipsis (0.29%) were rarely used. These results indicate that students possess a basic understanding of cohesion, particularly in organizing ideas and maintaining textual flow. However, their use of cohesive devices remains limited in variation and sophistication. Therefore, more explicit instruction and practice are recommended to enhance students’ mastery of diverse cohesive strategies and improve overall writing quality.

The role of teachers in implementing the movement guidance program for students with physical disabilities in slb

Arhe Aan Yesa Purba — 2026-05-14

Students with physical disabilities experience limitations in their motor skills, which impact their daily activities and independence. This situation demands a planned and structured movement development program in Special Needs Schools (SLB). In its implementation, teachers play a crucial role not only as instructors but also as facilitators, guides, and evaluators in developing students' motor skills. This study aims to describe the role of teachers in implementing a movement development program for students with physical disabilities in SLB. The study used a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. Data collection techniques included observation, interviews, and documentation. The results indicate that the teachers' role in the movement development program includes program planning based on student needs assessments, gradual and continuous implementation of movement exercises, and evaluation of students' motor development and independence. Furthermore, the success of the movement development program is influenced by teacher competence, school environmental support, and parental involvement. Therefore, the teacher's role is a key factor in optimizing the implementation of the movement development program to improve the motor skills and independence of students with physical disabilities.

Analysis of identification and assessment of children with suspected autism spectrum disorders using m-chat and cars in schools

Rizka Nurida Siregar — 2026-05-14

This study aims to analyze the process of identifying and assessing children suspected of having Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in school settings using the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). The study employed a descriptive qualitative approach involving children aged 16–60 months who showed developmental delays. The results indicate that M-CHAT is effective as an initial screening instrument for detecting ASD risk, with 43.4% of children categorized as high risk and 33.3% as moderate risk. Follow-up assessment using CARS revealed that 78.3% of children assessed showed mild to severe ASD symptoms. The findings also demonstrate a strong correlation between M-CHAT screening results and CARS assessment outcomes, confirming that the combination of both instruments improves the accuracy of ASD identification. The most dominant characteristics identified were deficits in communication, social interaction, and adaptation to change. In addition, the integrated use of M-CHAT and CARS provides important implications for educational planning, individualized interventions, and early support services in schools. Therefore, these instruments can serve as an effective and practical approach for early detection and comprehensive assessment of children with suspected ASD in educational settings.

Implementation of character education at SMP Muhammadiyah 16 Lubuk Pakam: an exploration of role strategies and impact

Diajeng Tiara Anjani — 2026-05-17

Character education is crucial in addressing moral decline in the digital age, and character education in religiously based educational institutions plays a strategic role in integrating religious values and social ethics. This study aims to analyze the implementation of character education at SMP Muhammadiyah 16 Lubuk Pakam, focusing on its roles, the strategies employed, and its impact on student behavior. This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were collected through participatory observation, in-depth interviews with the vice principal for curriculum affairs, teachers, and students, as well as document analysis. The results indicate that the implementation strategies were carried out through three main approaches: modeling, habit formation, and environmental conditioning. The impact of the program was reflected in students’ religious discipline, independence, leadership, and communication ethics. However, the program still faces challenges in the form of environmental and family-related barriers that affect the quality of graduates. This study concludes that program consistency, curriculum refinement, and harmonious synergy among the school, parents, and the surrounding environment are key factors in the successful internalization of character education at SMP Muhammadiyah 16 Lubuk Pakam.

Interaction effects of teaching methods and gender on students' achievement and interest in Microsoft Word

Uchenna Favour Muogbo — 2026-05-19

This study examined the interaction effects of teaching methods and gender on students’ academic achievement and interest in learning Microsoft Word among senior secondary school students in Anambra State, Nigeria. A quasi-experimental pretest–posttest non-equivalent group design was adopted using 196 SS2 students selected from four secondary schools in the Nnewi Education Zone. Data were collected using the Computer Studies Achievement Test (CSAT) and Computer Studies Interest Scale (CSIS), with reliability coefficients of 0.90 and 0.89 respectively. Mean, standard deviation, and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) were used for data analysis. The findings revealed that experiential learning significantly improved students’ achievement and interest compared to the conventional lecture method. Female students exposed to experiential learning achieved higher academic performance gains, while male students demonstrated greater increases in learning interest. The study also established significant interaction effects between teaching methods and gender on both achievement and interest in Microsoft Word. These results indicate that experiential learning promotes active participation, enhances digital literacy skills, and creates more engaging classroom experiences. The study concludes that experiential learning is a more effective instructional strategy for computer studies and recommends its integration into secondary school curricula to support inclusive and technology-oriented learning environments.

An analysis of politeness strategies in the comments section of a travel blog

Diyan Ryan Christyan Simbolon — 2026-05-22

This study analyzes the politeness strategies used in the comment sections of travel-related discussions within the Reddit community r/travel. The research aims to identify the types of politeness strategies applied by users in online interactions. This study employed a qualitative descriptive method based on the politeness theory proposed by Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson, which classifies politeness strategies into bald-on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record strategies. The data were collected from publicly accessible comments on selected travel-related posts in r/travel and analyzed using data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that all four politeness strategies appear in the data, with positive politeness emerging as the most dominant strategy. This indicates that users tend to create friendly and supportive interactions while discussing travel experiences and recommendations. Negative politeness is used to soften suggestions and disagreements, while bald-on record strategies are applied for direct communication. Off-record strategies appear least frequently and are mainly used for indirect criticism or implied meaning. The study concludes that politeness strategies play an important role in maintaining respectful communication in online travel discussions.

Gemstone nomination in Vietnamese

Nguyen Van Thao — 2026-05-22

This study investigates the nomination characteristics of gemstones in Vietnamese and explores how naming practices reflect Vietnamese cognitive and cultural perspectives. The research analyzed a corpus of 2,617 gemstone names collected from dictionaries and social communication sources. Using descriptive, semantic, statistical, and classification methods, the study categorized gemstone nominations into one-feature, two-feature, and three-feature models. The findings reveal that one-feature nomination is the most dominant pattern, particularly the model “type name + color,” indicating that visual perception plays a central role in gemstone identification. Two-feature nomination models occupy the second largest proportion and mainly emphasize color and origin, while three-feature models appear least frequently due to their structural complexity and limited practicality in daily communication. The study also demonstrates that Vietnamese gemstone naming practices are strongly influenced by cognitive simplicity, cultural symbolism, and commercial value. Furthermore, the incorporation of Sino-Vietnamese and Indo-European lexical elements reflects linguistic interaction and globalization within the gemstone trade. Overall, the findings contribute to understanding Vietnamese lexical semantics, cultural cognition, and nomination theory in linguistic studies.