Implementation of character education in elementary schools: a literature review of strategies, challenges, and the effectiveness of fostering discipline and mutual cooperation values
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elementary schools,
literature review,
role modeling,
habituation
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Abstract
Character education plays an important role in shaping elementary school students’ personalities. However, its implementation continues to face several challenges, including teachers’ limited understanding, inconsistent habituation practices, and insufficient parental involvement. This study aims to analyze implementation strategies, supporting and inhibiting factors, and the effectiveness of character education in elementary schools. This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach using a literature review method involving 20 studies published in SINTA-indexed national journals during the 2021–2025 period. Data were collected through searches of Google Scholar, Garuda, and Neliti and subsequently analyzed using thematic content analysis. The findings indicate that habituation, role modeling, and the integration of character values into intracurricular and co-curricular learning activities are the main strategies for implementing character education. The identified barriers include limited time, teachers’ administrative workload, and low parental involvement. This study concludes that successful character education requires consistent implementation and synergy among schools, families, and communities.
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